Introduction
Apart from storage of data and sending alerts, the IoT can be used
to build elaborate systems that work autonomously without human monitoring or
intervention. This is possible through Machine to Machine (M2M) interactions, where
different IoT devices communicate with each other either directly or indirectly,
and carry out actions depending on the information/data they receive.
Types of IoT interactions
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vast network of devices that
share information using different Internet protocols. It is comprised of
different kinds of interactions between devices, online servers, and humans.
Most interactions involve communication between one IoT device and another, or
communication between an IoT device and a human. Both forms of interaction can
either be direct or via a web server (indirect).
Though human interaction in IoT systems is important, it is not
always needed. You can create autonomous systems that do not require any human
input to operate. This is made possible by M2M interaction. In such systems,
the different IoT devices send data to each other and execute different actions
depending on the input they receive. This eliminates the need for human
intervention.
M2M is a term that is used to describe technology that allows
communication between networked devices. The devices use network resources to
exchange data with remote application infrastructure for monitoring and control
purposes. M2M works independently, without the need for human control, and is
the basis for the concept known as the Internet of Things. In fact, IoT can be
loosely described as machine to machine communication via Internet protocols.
The two main types of machine to machine interactions are:
·
Local machine to machine
interaction
·
Cloud machine to machine
interaction
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Local machine to machine interaction involves the direct exchange
of data between devices in the same locality. Both devices must connect to the
same wireless network for communication to take place. This network can either
be the local Wi-Fi hotspot or an ad Hoc network that is hosted by one of the
devices.
In local M2M interaction, one device is configured as a web
server. The other devices are configured as clients. The web server manages the
communication between the clients in the network. This kind of interaction does
not require an Internet connection.
Cloud machine to machine interaction is used for communication
between devices located in remote areas, provided there is an active Internet
connection. Unlike local M2M, devices do not interact directly with each other.
A cloud server acts as an intermediary between the communicating devices.
In cloud M2M, the communicating devices are configured as clients.
One device sends data to the cloud server, then the other device reads the data
from the cloud server. That way devices are able to share data and information
even when they are thousands of miles apart.
One protocol that facilitates cloud M2M is MQTT. It allows devices
to publish data using a unique topic to a cloud server known as an MQTT broker.
The receiving devices then subscribe to the topic where the data was published
and receive the latest published data.
Basic local machine to machine interactions
In this recipe, we are going to demonstrate Basic local machine
to machine interactions. To do that, we will build a simple project that
demonstrates machine to machine interaction between two ESP8266 boards. This will
enable you to create simple networks using your ESP8266 boards, with no
Internet connection.
The tutorial of this method will be released soon.
Cloud machine to machine interaction
Interaction between two ESP8266 boards in remote locations is
possible through cloud machine to machine communication. This recipe is going
show you how to build a simple M2M project in the cloud with two ESP8266
boards. To achieve that, we will use MQTT.
MQTT is an M2M connectivity protocol that is used in the Internet
of Things. It is a lightweight messaging transport that allows devices to
publish or subscribe to different content online. Due to its lightweight
nature, it uses very little bandwidth and resources while ensuring reliable
data transmission between different clients.
The publish and subscribe pattern is what forms the basis for the
MQTT protocol. The client that is sending a message is known as the publisher
and the one that receives the message is called the subscriber. The publisher
and subscriber do not interact directly with each other. There is a server
known as the broker, which the publisher and subscriber connect to. The broker
filters all the incoming messages and distributes them in the right order.
To communicate via MQTT, a device publishes data to an MQTT broker using a specific topic. For instance, if the device is publishing temperature data, it can publish it on a topic called temperature on MQTT. The device that is meant to receive the temperature data subscribes to that topic on the MQTT broker and receives temperature data as soon as it is published. We will demonstrate that using two ESP8266 boards
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